Romeo and Juliet Research Paper Example

Romeo and Juliet Paper There are so many factors to figure in to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet that its difficult to pinpoint just one. The entire play leads up to their deaths, suggesting that their deaths are the effect of a cause. Two or three causes really; the first being their age, their youth, their hormones if you will, and their inability to control themselves; secondly, the society in which they live; one that does not tolerate their actions. Being the most studied of Shakespeares plays, it is also the one that gets misinterpreted the most. Thats not to say that any specific interpretation is wrong, just inaccurate at times. The story of Romeo and Juliet is widely studied as some sort of romantic love story. And while thats not entirely false, the focus is not the love story. Rather, the love story emphasizes the message the play is sending; that young love is impetuous, foolish, and dangerous. People seem to forget that Juliet is around 14 years old in the play, and Romeo 16 or so. Most parents or adults would agree that those ages are far too young to be involved in such a serious relationship as the one portrayed in the play. So just keep that in mind, and think about the events that take place in the play. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the beginning of the play, Romeo is getting over his last infatuation, Rosaline, whom of course is described as being very beautiful, so why wouldnt Romeo be infatuated with her? What Romeos specific involvement with her is unclear in the play, but its enough to get him depressed, which shows that Romeo is led by his emotions, or even his hormones, and not his brain. This is again reinforced when he immediately becomes infatuated with Juliet just upon seeing her. Juliet is not much different in being led by her hormones. Here is a young teenage girl that has been sheltered by her family, and happens to see a cute boy at a party. Anyone who has been a teenager needs no explanation as to why Juliet is immediately attached to Romeo. Now this is where the distinction between a romantic and tragic love story, and what the play really is, becomes foggy to people. Probably the most inaccurate assumption about Romeo and Juliet is that courting and marriage at their age was a normal practice for Shakespeares time. Oh, how very wrong that is. For anyone whose been taught that in school, let me tell you now that that is a misconceived stereotype brought about by the play itself. In Shakespeares time, people were encouraged to wait until around their early Thirties, or at an age where they were financially secure, much like our society today. And there is the other factor responsible for their deaths; the society they happen to be living in. All of Shakespeares plays take place in 16th century England, no matter where the setting of the play is. That means that Romeo and Juliets society is the same as Shakespeares, and his audience would have found Romeo and Juliets romance just as disturbing as anyone today would think of two teenagers of the same age being so hot for each other. So in the end, when they are denied each other through a miscommunication, they kill themselves. Not the most intelligent of decisions. Instead of Romeo realizing that he will just be infatuated with the next beautiful girl that comes along, he kills himself. And instead of Juliet realizing what an idiot Romeo was and that there will be other cute boys, she does the same thing. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet are mostly theirs to blame, and theirs alone. The play Romeo and Juliet contains a great number of tragic events, all of which were influenced by different characters in the text. The leading characters Lady and Lord Capulet, the Nurse and Friar influenced the main characters suicides in some way. Romeo and Juliets death is the main tragedy in this play, and all characters directly influenced this. Lady and Lord Capulet were extremely distant in their daughters life, but this does not mean that they did not influence her. Neither of the parents showed their daughter any love Lord Capulet tells his wife once told his wife that they had a curse in having her [Juliet] (III. 5 line 167). Juliets primary caregiver, her nurse, boldly tells Capulet You are to blame, my lord, to rate her so III. 5 lines 168-169), questioning his upbringing or lack of it of the child. Though Lady and Lord Capulet had little time for their daughter they still had a plan for her life the arranged marriage to Paris. This marriage was not out of love for their daughter but for their own benefit, for Paris was related to royalty which would bring the family a greater social reputation. The Capulet parents forced their daughter into disobedience which morphed into love and eventually suicide by using her to achieve their own desires. The Capulet parents were the root of the tragedy As Juliets primary carer the Nurse had many opportunities to influence her decisions. The Nurse often acted as the messenger between Romeo and Juliet, saying to Romeo that her young lady bid me inquire you out (11. 4 lines 159-160) showing that her allegiance to the Capulet family did not lie with the parents but the child. As an adult the Nurse had the ability to stop the events at any time. Instead of allowing them to act as adult, and even at times encouraging them to do this, she should have stopped the events from progressing. Only after Romeo is banished does she seem to find a sense of guilt for her actions, telling Juliet, I think it best you married with the County [referring to Paris](III. 5, line 119). The Nurse cannot be blamed for all the tragic events, for she merely added to the problems the Capulet parents caused, but as Juliets mother figure she is certainly culpable. The Friar was a spiritual father and friend to both Romeo and Juliet, something which he took far too lightly. Though he was a priest, the text implies that he had great trouble distinguishing between helping and harming. When the Friar is first introduced, he casually comments on the good uses that comes from nature and how they can be straind from that fair use Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse (II. 3 lines 19-20). As a priest, one would hope that the Friar would not abuse nature yet he does so. As an escape route for Juliet, the Friar offers her (most unwisely) a poison for her to drink. The text goes on to explain that Juliet, though doubtful, takes the Friars poison because he had been tried a holy man (IV. 3 line 29). It must be said, however, that while Friar Laurence influenced the characters actions, he cannot be held solely responsible. Romeo and Juliet viewed him as perfect, and although he was a priest he could never live up to this description. Still, Friar Laurences misuse of power paved the path for the teenagers decisions. Romeo and Juliet must take most of the blame for the tragedy. While it can be argued that their actions were simply the product of those around them lack of discipline, foolish encouragement and advice from adults the text suggests another possible interpretation. It is true that these factors added to the tragedy, but it was ultimately Romeo and Juliets actions that lead to their own deaths. After Romeo heard of Juliets death he was not told to kill himself, in this matter he given no council yet he did so. Likewise, when Juliet awoke in the tomb to find her dead lover, she was not instructed to kill herself. Rather, the Friar, who was with her, warned her by saying, Stay not to question Come, go, good Juliet (V. 3, lines 158-160). Nevertheless Juliet stayed in the tomb and committed suicide. The decisions made in the text were always in control of the teenagers, and though they were influenced by others they were never dictated. Romeo and Juliets actions led to their tragic deaths, and for that death they must take most of the blame. The text suggests that Lady and Lord Capulet, the Nurse and Friar all contributed to the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet, but it can not be ignored that Romeo and Juliet made their own decisions. For this reason I hold them responsible for their tragic deaths There is plenty of blame to go around for both Romeos and Juliets death. While both young people ultimately took that last plunge into the abyss, the question is whether they had any choice in the matter. Certainly, Shakespeares most famous play is a warning against haste, rash decision-making, and over-heated passion. Still, there were so many variables involved in their untimely death, most specifically fate, that the young lovers had no real chance at all. Did they even have a choice? Based on the actions and reactions of Juliets family, Romeos friends, and timing itself, the answer is no. The Prologue not only foretells the storys events, it gives the audience all of the information needed to make this decision. If fate is written in the stars, we know their fate is star-crossed, tangled, confused. We know thefamily feud is going to be a determining factor, from forth the fatal loins of these two foes/ a pair of star-crossed lovers take their life. The Montague-Capulet feud is toxic, and a punishment on the next generation, a Biblical concept. Also, every act and almost every scene in each act is replete with references to the stars. As Juliet lies waiting for her new husband on their wedding night, she says she would like to cut him out in little stars. Romeo, smitten by Julietsbeauty, compares her eyes to the stars. Stars, stars, stars, fate, fate, fate. Yes, Romeo drank the poison and Juliet besmirched her perfect bosom, but if their friends and adults had acted in measure, Romeos and Juliets hot-headed passion might have been tempered and cooled until Fortunas wheel turned in their direction. Wasnt it Friar Lawrence who married the two against his better judgment? He noted that these violent delights have violent ends. He knew better, and yet he married them in the thin hope that their love would end the families feuding. What if Friar Lawrence had simply required a day or a week to counsel the two? In our world today, most ministers require premarital counseling before a marriage (in the Catholic church it is four months). It was Friar Lawrences plan to conceal Juliet from Paris via the sleeping potion. Note, Friar Lawrence did not try to assist Juliet in meeting Romeo in Mantua which seems far less drastic. And what about those letters Friar Lawrence tried to send to Romeo. Some might argue fate prevented the letters from reaching Romeo; some would say Friar Lawrence should have hand delivered such news of import. Clearly, Friar Lawrenceshands are bloody. The Nurse is the good friars female counterpart. She helped to arrange the marriage when clearly it was inappropriate, especially for their time. Yet, when Juliets father threatened to throw Juliet into the streets, something akin to a death sentence, the good Nurse did not back up her charge. Nurse would rather see Juliet enter into a bigamous relationship than stand up to Capulet. Banishment was neither within Romeos will nor power to prevent, but Friar Lawrence and the Nurse conspired to ensure the lovers consummated their marriage, again putting Juliet in a no-win situation when Romeo left for Mantua. In turning her back on Juliet, the Nurse left the child bride to cope on her own. By virtue of her age and station, Juliet is a drama queen and acts as such. Ultimately though, the two might have survived if Fate had not turned such an ugly hand. Romeo tried to resolve the conflict with Tybalt, Tybalt, I have more cause to love thee but Mercutio stepped in the way. In a blood feud, would a young man of that day let such a blow ride without revenge? No. Romeo was blinded with rage when he killed Tybalt, but it wasnt what he wanted, and he seemed almost possessed at this point in the play. Call it temporary insanity. Neither did Romeo wish to die, but life without Juliet was no life at all. If only those letters had reached Romeo! How ironic considering Balthasar was able to enter Mantau, despite the quarantine, and give his friend the wrong information. Also, had the apothecary acted by conscience instead of by greed, Romeo would not have had the means to so quickly kill himself (Thy drugs are quick. ) Finally, Romeo was unable to read his lovers face and discern life. He noted but did not understand when he said, Deaths pale flag has not advanced here. He saw her red lips, her rosy cheeks and still believed she was dead. But then again, why would he think otherwise? How many live people are lying around in tombs? Lets be reasonable. We know the end. Juliet awakened (surrounded by death in a tomb) just a few seconds too late to save Romeo. If she had lived, what would her future be? Not even Paris survived. The body count was staggering, just as in a tragedy. It is tragic, except when viewed through the lens of Fate. The lovers were preordained to love one another eternally, and eternally they do live and love forever in Shakespeares pages and in the heavens. Their conception was the bitter medicine that cured embedded hatred that threatened Veronas citizens. Romeo and Juliet define passion and romance and love, and these are things that no one can prevent, not even the lovers themselves.

Practical Book Review of Petersen Text Essays

Practical Book Review of Petersen Text Essays Practical Book Review of Petersen Text Paper Practical Book Review of Petersen Text Paper Essay Topic: The Healers Petersen (2007) then illustrates in his book what he envisions to be the stomach (emotions), heart (objectives and interpretations), and the head (which is where we draw our logical conclusions), to resemble. Flat brain occurs when ones stomach is filled to capacity with uncomfortable emotions and feelings (Petersen, 2007). This in return then upwardly impacts the heart, resulting in squashing the brain; therefore causing it to go flat. He then reminds the reader that one has a choice to become defensive, and be overtaken by this phenomenon, or to collaborate with those who are involved, to bring about a positive outcome. In part ;o, the talker listening process, is how Petersen (2007) describes he method of relieving the symptoms of flat brain; this process involves taking turns talking and listening (p. 49). Petersen (2007) also discusses stomach talk, meaning that one is only allowed to share his or her own insecurities, rather than blaming others (p. 78). He warns his readers that sharing and thinking is risky business, however, worth it in exchange for a more cherished relationship (p. 82). Petersen (2007) then uses the recipe of two parts personal and one part logical, to balance the scales of communication (p. 85). In part three Petersen (2007), introduces overall listening techniques to further ones communication, including the six communication pitfalls (p. 1 16-121 These pitfalls are an attempt to Set in control of the conversation, as well as a clever form of manipulation on TTY part of the speaker (Petersen, 2007). He then goes on to explain the two levels of communication; the first being more superficial, and the second, emerging into a deeper level of how one is truly feeling emotionally. Petersen (2007) ends this portion of the book reminding one to be careful o hidden agendas, and taking on more serious cases such as, someone suggesting us iced. In the last sections four and five, Peters (2007) takes on the challenge of BRI inning it all together with examples of the listening game. This is where families learn to interact in a safe family environment. This is especial helpful for children, while reinforcing the taking turns skills they have already learned growing up. Peterson (2007) then reintroduces the TTL card to the group setting; which allows everyone a chance to be heard, respected, and better express themselves. As Petersen (2007) wraps up the book, he suggests that the TTL card can be useful with monitoring couples, as well as sharing, negotiating, and closing (p. 203). Lastly, he leaves us with his philosophy, which is to leave people and place ± in better a better condition than when I found them (p. 209). Respond When I began reading Peterson (2007) I was amazed at hi candidness, his story drew me in immediately. Because I am a published author myself, understand how difficult transparency can be. Petersen (2007) provokes one to deal with the selfish nature within, in addition to need to win attitude (p. 7). This portion of the book spoke volumes to me. I grew up in a time where winning was everything at home, school and church. However, I always seem to be the one who lost. I cowered beneath the hand of my older sister, strict father, and hierarchy of the church. When I became a young woman, I vowed never to be mistreated by anyone. Quickly learned to fight back, and believed I had become a winner. During this time in my life I had achieved great success in the natural world; however, I had become very confrontational to my husband and demanding with my chi lilied. Petersen (2007) talks about the six communication traps, and as guilty on all charges (p. 1 16-122). I was constantly dragging my kids and husband into the courtroom, so that I could prove my case like Perry Mason (p. 116). Often times I won, however, I was destroying my marriage and distancing our children. I did not know how to control my emotions when I was challenged with issues. Petersen (2007) refers to this problem as flat brained (p. 10). Eventually, my marriage ended, and I paid a very costly price for not knowing how to listen better. Years later, I am remarried, and have put into practice the TTL card without my husband even knowing it. Have also learned that defending is attacking, (p. 1 08) and enjoy using the double- reverse-twist to ward off feelings of defensiveness (Petersen, 2007, p. 43). Reflect Because we are reading three different listening skills books within a small time frame it becomes difficult to separate the three. It is the useful names used in the techniques is what creates a difference in each book. Petersen (2007) stands out because of his illustration of the flat brain. We have all experienced it; however describing how it occurs from the first onset is what make one conscious that an attack is on its way. He takes that which is spiritual, which is the spirit of offense, and makes it practical, so that everyone can understand what is really taking place in the mind. One observation that represented an ah ha moment was when Peterson (2007) talked about observing pays dividends (p. 58). He discusses what happens when one is fully aware of his/her behavior, and is able to adjust it to accommodate the other person, as in the case of Mary and her mother (p. 58-60). This practical teaching lines up with the book of Romans chapter twelve. If I were to narrow it down to one verse, it would be, Be kindly affectionate one to another with brotherly love; in honor preferring one another Romans 12:10 (KAVA). This is very useful to me when dealing with the majority of friends who call me to talk. I have given over to having a mutual friendship, and have resolved that would always play the role of the listener. This technique helps to remind me of what I should be doing spiritually nonetheless; it also helps me not to become resentful concerning the call that God has mandated over my life. It is sometimes difficult to accept that we are always playing a role. Though it is true that we grow stronger in character, and in love, during these perpetual times of pressure. Act The TTL is one of the valuable instruments that I will add to my tool box of listening (Petersen, 2007). On the personal side, I have two daughters, of whom I am very close to. I have now learned to slow down and listen. I can now listen without owning their problems! I believe that was my biggest challenge with the both of them; that little card has set me free! I now understand am not there to solve their problems, however, to only be a nonjudgmental sounding board. also understand that there will be occasions when I Will be tempted to fall for the l feel that trap. Moreover, I will resist the urge to disagree, agree, or force my advice on my young adult daughters. I now realize that they only need me to be a good mother, role model, and listener (Petersen, 2007, p. 78). Also have three sisters whom I enjoy spending girl talk time with. We all jump in whenever someone pauses to take a breath. It will be exciting to introduce the TTL card ATA casual dinner (Petersen, 2007). Petersen (2007) has also given me new tools to use in my ministry. God has taken me through a transformation since my life changing divorce in 2002. Obviously, listening was my greatest challenge. Learning to listen to God was paramount in my life, and that is where God did his greatest work. Peterson (2007) digs in deep when he begins to cause one to examine themselves in what he/she is doing to others. The Guiding difficult group discussions was a very eye-opening tool for me (Petersen, 2007, p. 190). He talks about not fully hearing others out before we are on the attack, as well as not being able to hear correctly, and repeat back what was ally being said. This is what happens during bible study discussions and womens groups. UT these techniques into practice because I truly want to see women healed, and become healers themselves. Listening is also important in evangelism ministry. We are always quick to throw our religious beliefs on someone who has not heard the good news of Jesus Christ. We must listen and find out why they feel a certain way (Petersen, 2007) before we attack them, and drag them kicking and screaming into the body of Christ. My husband and I are both in ministry and have spent nettles hours arguing with Jehovah Witnesses, Muslims, and unbelievers.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law - Essay Example The principle established in this case is what is sometimes referred to as the ‘Principle of state liability in European Union law.† The European Court in this case held that the Government of Italy had breached its obligations and was therefore liable to pay compensation to workers who had suffered loss as a result of the breach. The court went on further to state that such damages should be made available in matters before various national courts. However, before such remedies could be made available, one had to prove that the directive he is alleging has not been implemented conferred upon him some specific rights that could be identified as well as an existing link between failure to implement it and the loss occasioned. It encompasses the doctrine of indirect effect where national courts are required to ensure enforcement of European Union obligations and ensure that interpretation of domestic law is consistent with the directives of the European Union. It can be sai d to be an additional and corollary of the direct effect doctrine. It is very vital in the enforcement of European Union law and rights that have been breached by private individuals in what is seen as a horizontal effect. Since directives usually have direct effect concerning claims on those directives on private individuals, it is therefore prudent to note that domestic law could be the only one that provides a basis for commencing an action against someone. The national courts are therefore expected to make sure that they interpret domestic law consistently with the directives given by the European Union. However this is only possible where the national law is not entirely inconsistent with the European Union law. The European Community is now entering into many international agreements in its capacity as an independent party. The agreements it enters into qualify to be community law in so far as they are covered by the competence of the community. Before community law can be eff ective, there must be liability on the part of member state. This is what led to the question as to whether a private individual can make a member state liable where they are in breach of an international agreement. It is good to note that the European Community’s relations externally are mainly characterized by existing legal and political conditions, the answer as to whether an individual can sue a member state will be shaped by the jurisprudence of the courts. This therefore depends on the will of the court to give effect to its earlier jurisprudence. This is the jurisprudence by the court that answered the question in the affirmative. However, the principle remains uncertain in majority of the cases. In R. v. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Hedley Lomas, [1996] ECR I-2580, para. 104, the court upheld the decision in Francovich that there was need to ensure that community law was effective which could only be achieved through its uniform application. The court held that member liability which was inherent was one of the greatest to secure effectiveness of the community law. The court developed principles through which it could be possible to extend the liability of member states to cover external relations as well. The principle developed by the court was that first it was important to determine whether such international agreements have eventually formed community law worth of according primacy. This concept has been further developed by courts as evidence by the many decisions that have been delivered by the courts. For example the court in the case of Dillenkoffer

Take-Home Exam final exam DIRECT MARKETING Term Paper - 1

Take-Home Exam final exam DIRECT MARKETING - Term Paper Example h agnostic channel of advertisements such as short messages services, mobile telephone, email, websites, flyers, online ads, magazines and newspapers, outdoor adverts, promotion letters and catalogs. It is a direct response form of communication as used in the MADD campaign. The marketing strategies used in the creation of the advert give an individual the urges to read the advert from top to the end. It is clear that the advert is for youths who are fond of driving under the influence of alcohol in the society. The mode of advertisement is online. The marketing strategy is important in designing and implementing a successful campaign in the social market. MADD has established appropriate elements of marketing o the social media to meet its objectives as far as the campaign is a concern. On the other hand, it has also minimized its ideas for easy understanding of the advert. This gives individual time and understanding of their main objective. The campaign advert is clear enough to give the organizational goal in regards to the targeted group. The first impression in relation to this campaign advert is that it gives individual full information on what is required. MADD identifies various problems related t drinking and driving. The campaign advert gives a robust strategy in setting out of the main points in regards to their requirements. Since the advert has no urgency in any way, the organization has taken time to state all their requirements and qualifications so as not to hire people who will not make their campaign a success. Since their main objective is to fight drunkard in the society especially on the road, they have highlighted it as the main point in every category of individuals they wish to hire. Even though they have faced criticism from various governmental and private bodies, they stood firm towards such critiques thus considers them challenges for their success. MADD mode of advertisement is up to standard as far as online marketing is concerned.

Language and regions of the brain that contribute to language Essay

Language and regions of the brain that contribute to language - Essay Example This inability to speak is aphasia, while inability to produce speech is termed as Brocas aphasia or expressive aphasia. The individual displaying such damage also display problem in understanding speech and they have gross grammar misunderstandings. Individuals with Wernickes area defect can speak well but are not able to recognize and understand what others are saying. This is also known as receptive aphasia and such individuals respond with strange or meaningless words. This area is also related with speech comprehension. Individuals find it difficult to name things as they are poor in mental dictionaries. Brocas area is intimately connected with the Wernickes area by band of nerves known as arcuate fascilicus. Some individuals display damage in the arcuate fascilicus resulting in aphasia called conduction aphasia, such individuals can recognize the speech, also they are able to create coherent speech, but cannot replicate the words they

Differentiate Between Investment Speculation And Gambling Finance Essay

Differentiate Between Investment Speculation And Gambling Finance Essay Investment has different meanings in finance and economics. Finance investment is putting money into something with the expectation of gain, that upon thorough analysis, has a high degree of security for the principal amount, as well as security of return, within an expected period of time.[1] In contrast putting money into something with an expectation of gain without thorough analysis, without security of principal, and without security of return is gambling. Putting money into something with an expectation of gain with thorough analysis, without security of principal, and without security of return is speculation This is the ups and downs of the market. When the market experiences big swings up and down, especially down, this can make a lot of folks sick. The sicker it makes you feel the more you should look at your portfolio and adjust it so you can handle the wild swings of the market. This could mean that you invest a higher percentage of your portfolio in bonds, which are a less risky type of investment. Inflation Risk The cost of living goes up. If you invest in something that returns 2% and inflation goes up 4% then youve lost 2% of the value in your investment. My parents and parents-in-law thought they would be able to live their retirement years with $100,000.00. Back then, 1930s thru 1940s, $100,000.00 made people feel they were rich forever. Opportunity Risk Opportunity Risk is when you decide to invest in one type of investment, youre also deciding not to invest in others. So if you commit money to a certain investment and it goes down in value, youre stuck in that investment and are not able to participate in another investment that might be more attractive. This is especially apparent when you purchase your own bonds for instance. You could be stuck in a 10-year bond and you want to get out because of high interest rates. You would then be forced to sell for a loss. Its much better to invest in bond funds because the fund manager has the ability to invest in many different types of bonds. Reinvestment Risk Reinvestment Risk has to do with timed investments like CDs and bonds that you purchase yourself. A mutual fund manager has the ability to diversify a portfolio of these types of investments by selecting from a larger basket of different types of CDs and bonds to reduce the risk. Concentration Risk Diversification, Diversification, Diversification. Dont concentrate your investment dollars in one type of investment. Read my article here on Diversification. Interest Rate Risk When the Fed messes around with the interest rates moving them up and down, the markets react. The value of bonds go up when interest rates go down. The value of bonds go down when interest rates go up. Keeping a well diversified portfolio will reduce the affects the Feds have on your portfolio. Credit Risk The Credit Crunch is what weve been in lately. The financial sector has taken a hit. The financial sector includes lenders like Countrywide Bank. On another note, Im watching that sector with everyone else because it just might be getting ripe to pick. Since I write about options at this site thats how Id play it if something comes up that looks interesting. Marketability Risk Having the ability to sell you investment(s). This pertains to a low interest in stocks, bonds or CDs that you may personally own. By low interest I mean not enough buyers. This is reduced immensely if you invest in a mutual fund. Currency Translation Risk The value of the dollar goes up and down in the international market depending on what country. This is one reason why its good to just have 10% of your portfolio in the international market. Timing Risk The market goes down and you feel uncomfortable about it so you sell one of your investments that you shouldnt sell bad timing. Difference between Investment , Speculation : The main difference between speculating and investing is the amount of of risk undertaken in the trade. Typically, high-risk trades that are almost akin to gambling fall under the umbrella of speculation, whereas lower-risk investments based on fundamentals and analysis fall into the category of investing. Investors seek to generate a satisfactory return on their capital by taking on an average or below-average amount of risk. On the other hand, speculators are seeking to make abnormally high returns from bets that can go one way or the other. It should be noted that speculation is not exactly like gambling because speculators do try to make an educated decision on the direction of the trade, but the risk inherent in the trade tends to be significantly above average. The term investment is used to suggest a commitment that is relatively free from certain risk of loss.It is restricted to situations promising dependable income , relatively stable value, a modest rate of return and a relatively little chance for spectacular capital appreciation. People who seek high income yields or large capital gains are therefore said to forsake investment for speculation. Speculation differs from investment with respect to the limit of the investor i.e the period for which a person is investing and the risk-return characteristics of the investment.An investor is always interested in a good and consistent rate of return for a long period of time. However , a speculator is less interested in earning very large returns , higher than the normal rate of return , in a short time. The word speculate comes from the latin word, speculate meaning to see ahead . Speculation is a reasoned anticipation of future conditions. A speculator tries to perceive investment values ahead of the general public. It attempts to organize the relevant knowledge as a support for judgements. Infact , everything we do in this world is a speculation. One must have the courage to make decisions when the conditions are unfavorable such as panic , despair or optimism. Most successful speculators operate on a single principle of buying in underpriced markets and selling out in overpriced markets. Thus speculation is a deliberate assumption of risks in ventures , which offer the hope of commensurate gains. These expected gains might be much larger than an investment would offer.The speculation are more interested in price gains than in income. Difference between Investment and Gambling: According to most dictionaries , gambling is an art of risk taking without the knowledge of the exact nature of risk. Many people speculate heavily on the strength of tips or gossip and plunge into situation , which they do not understand. This is gambling even though the commitment is of reasonable speculative quantity. Gambling is based on tips , rumours and it is an unplanned and non-scientific act. A gambler risks more than he/she can afford. It is considered to involve the shortest time period and highest risk. Typical examples of gambling are betting on horse riding , game of cards , lottery etc.Holding shares for the duration of a stock exchange fortnightly account might be termed as speculation . but to bet on the course of the stock market over the same period with a book maker is considered to be a gambling. Difference between Gambling and Speculation Gambling and Speculation are popular among those who want to make easy money. One cannot deny that money has been ruling the world today. People always thrive to profit, and the easier it is to earn money, the better. With that mindset comes the popularity of gambling and speculation. But what might we overlook is the fact that even if these two seems to have the same goal, there is difference between gambling and speculation. Gambling If you want cash within a snap, maybe gambling can help you with that. When one say gambling, it would usually connote casinos, lotteries and slot machines. And every time you gamble, there are only two things you can expect, it is either you win, or you lose. This has been popular because you only have to spend a small amount of money for stakes that are very high. For example, in lottery, the jackpot would amount to millions of dollars, but you can bet for just a couple of bucks. Speculation If one wants to increase his chances to profit one might try to speculate. Speculation is just like investment, you initially put in a capital expecting a profit in return. This is also defined as the act of placing funds on a financial vehicle with the intention of getting satisfactory returns over an amount of time. The stock market is a widely known rendezvous for speculators. The main points of difference are as follows: Gambling and speculation are vehicles to profit easily. The probability to succeed in either gambling or speculation is undetermined. The success of a speculator would be because of his skills and knowledge while the success of a gambler would be due to his luck. Gambling can be done without thinking while speculation needs in depth study. 5. Speculation needs a lot more hard work compared to gambling Q2 : What are Financial Markets with examples? What is the difference between Money Market and Capital Market? Explain in detail one money market instrument and one capital market instrument. Ans :A financial market is a market in which people and entities can trade financial securities, commodities, and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect supply and demand. Securities include stocks and bonds, and commodities include precious metals or agricultural goods. Structure of Financial Market FINANCIAL MARKET MONEY MARKET CAPITAL MARKET DERIVATIVES MARKET EQUITY MARKET LONG TERM DEBT MARKET FUTURES MARKET OPTIONS MARKET GOVT DEBT MARKET CORPORATE DEBT MARKET SECONDARY MARKET PRIMARY MARKET Types of financial markets: Within the financial sector, the term financial markets is often used to refer just to the markets that are used to raise finance: for long term finance, the Capital markets; for short term finance, the Money markets. Hence we can say that basically there are two types of markets: Capital Market Money Market Capital markets which consist of: Stock markets : which provide financing through the issuance of shares or common stock, and enable the subsequent trading thereof. Bond markets : which provide financing through the issuance of bonds, and enable the subsequent trading thereof. Commodity markets, which facilitate the trading of commodities. Capital markets are markets that trade equity (stocks) and debt (bonds) instruments having maturities more than a year. Due to their longer maturity , these instruments experience wider price fluctuations , higher credit and interest rate risks than the money market instruments. In contrast to money markets, capital markets are used for long term investments. They provide an alternative to investment in real assets such as real estate or gold. Money markets, which provide short term debt financing and investment. Money market consists of: Certificate of deposit Treasury Bills Commercial Papers etc The need for money market arises because of the immediate cash needs of individuals , corporation and govt do not necessarily coincide with their receipts of cash. The money market enables large sum of money to be transferred quickly and at a low cots from one economic unit ( business , govt , bank etc.) to another economic unit for relatively shorter period. Difference between Money Market and Capital Market: Money market is distinguished from capital market on the basis of the maturity period, credit instruments and the institutions: Maturity Period: The money market deals in the lending and borrowing of short-term finance (i.e., for one year or less), while the capital market deals in the lending and borrowing of long-term finance (i.e., for more than one year). Credit Instruments: The main credit instruments of the money market are call money, collateral loans, acceptances, bills of exchange. On the other hand, the main instruments used in the capital market are stocks, shares, debentures, bonds, securities of the government. Nature of Credit Instruments: The credit instruments dealt with in the capital market are more heterogeneous than those in money market. Some homogeneity of credit instruments is needed for the operation of financial markets. Too much diversity creates problems for the investors. Institutions: Important institutions operating in the money market are central banks, commercial banks, acceptance houses, nonbank financial institutions, bill brokers, etc. Important institutions of the capital market are stock exchanges, commercial banks and nonbank institutions, such as insurance companies, mortgage banks, building societies, etc. Purpose of Loan: The money market meets the short-term credit needs of business; it provides working capital to the industrialists. The capital market, on the other hand, caters the long-term credit needs of the industrialists and provides fixed capital to buy land, machinery, etc. Risk: The degree of risk is small in the money market. The risk is much greater in capital market. The maturity of one year or less gives little time for a default to occur, so the risk is minimised. Risk varies both in degree and nature throughout the capital market. Basic Role: The basic role of money market is that of liquidity adjustment. The basic role of capital market is that of putting capital to work, preferably to long-term, secure and productive employment. Relation with Central Bank: The money market is closely and directly linked with central bank of the country. The capital market feels central banks influence, but mainly indirectly and through the money market. Market Regulation: In the money market, commercial banks are closely regulated. In the capital market, the institutions are not much regulated. Explanation of Treasury Bills (Money market instrument): Treasury Bills (T-Bills): Treasury Bills, one of the safest money market instruments, are short term borrowing instruments of the Central Government of the Country issued through the Central Bank (RBI in India). They are zero risk instruments, and hence the returns are not so attractive. It is available both in primary market as well as secondary market. It is a promise to pay a said sum after a specified period. T-bills are short-term securities that mature in one year or less from their issue date. They are issued with three-month, six-month and one-year maturity periods. The Central Government issues T- Bills at a price less than their face value (par value). They are issued with a promise to pay full face value on maturity. So, when the T-Bills mature, the government pays the holder its face value. The difference between the purchase price and the maturity value is the interest income earned by the purchaser of the instrument. T-Bills are issued through a bidding process at auctions. The bid can be prepared either competitively or non-competitively. In the second type of bidding, return required is not specified and the one determined at the auction is received on maturity. Whereas, in case of competitive bidding, the return required on maturity is specified in the bid. In case the return specified is too high then the T-Bill might not be issued to the bidder. At present, the Government of India issues three types of treasury bills through auctions, namely, 91-day, 182-day and 364-day. There are no treasury bills issued by State Governments. Treasury bills are available for a minimum amount of Rs.25K and in its multiples. While 91-day T-bills are auctioned every week on Wednesdays, 182-day and 364- day T-bills are auctioned every alternate week on Wednesdays. The Reserve Bank of India issues a quarterly calendar of T-bill auctions which is available at the Banks website. It also announces the exact dates of auction, the amount to be auctioned and payment dates by issuing press releases prior to every auction. Payment by allottees at the auction is required to be made by debit to their/ custodians current account. T-bills auctions are held on the Negotiated Dealing System (NDS) and the members electronically submit their bids on the system. NDS is an electronic platform for facilitating dealing in Government Securities and Money Market Inst ruments. RBI issues these instruments to absorb liquidity from the market by contracting the money supply. In banking terms, this is called Reverse Repurchase (Reverse Repo). On the other hand, when RBI purchases back these instruments at a specified date mentioned at the time of transaction, liquidity is infused in the market. This is called Repo (Repurchase) transaction Debentures ( A Capital Market Instrument): A debenture is a document which either creates a debt or acknowledges it. Debenture issued by a company is in the form of a certificate acknowledging indebtedness. The debentures are issued under the Companys Common Seal. Debentures are one of a series issued to a number of lenders. The date of repayment is specified in the debentures. Debentures are issued against a charge on the assets of the Company. Debentures holders have no right to vote at the meetings of the companies. Kinds of Debentures: (a)Bearer Debentures: They are registered and are payable to the bearer. They are negotiable instruments and are transferable by delivery. (b) Registered Debentures: They are payable to the registered holder whose name appears both on the debentures and in the Register of Debenture Holders maintained by the company. Registered Debentures can be transferred but have to be registered again. Registered Debentures are not negotiable instruments. A registered debenture contains a commitment to pay the principal sum and interest. It also has a description of the charge and a statement that it is Issued subject to the conditions endorsed therein. (c) Secured Debentures: Debentures which create a change on the assets of the company which may be fixed or floating are known as secured Debentures. The term bonds and debentures(secured) are used interchangeably in common parlance. In USA, BOND is a long term contract which is secured, whereas a debentures is an unsecured one. (d) Unsecured or Naked Debentures: Debentures which are issued without any charge on assets are insecured or naked debentures. The holders are like unsecured creditors and may see the company for the recovery of debt. (e) Redeemable Debentures: Normally debentures are issued on the condition that they shall be redeemed after a certain period. They can however, be reissued after redemption. (f) Perpetual Debentures: When debentures are irredeemable they are called perpetual. Perpetual Debentures cannot be issued in India at present. (g) Convertible Debentures: If an option is given to convert debentures into equity shares at the stated rate of exchange after a specified period, they are called convertible debentures. Convertible Debentures have become very popular in India. On conversion the holders cease to be lenders and become owners. Q3: What is the difference between Real Assets and Financial Assets? Explain in detail three non- marketable securities: Ans: Investment instruments or assets or securities are broadly classified into two categories : Financial assets and Real Assets. Real assets determine the wealth of an economy , whereas financial assets are merely claims to income generated by real assets . They are represented by paper and can also be termed as paper assets. Real Assets: A real asset is a tangible asset like gold, oil, and real estate.It has intrinsic value due to its utility. Its value is derived by virtue of what it represents.Real Assets have low correlations to traditional stocks and bonds. Because commodities have low correlations to stocks and bonds, they can be a good choice to lower your overall portfolio risk while enhancing your potential for better long-term risk-adjusted returns. A real asset is a tangible asset like gold, oil, and real estate.It has intrinsic value due to its utility. Its value is derived by virtue of what it represents.The types of real assets are as follows: Gold Oil Goodwill Trade Marks Patents Copyrights etc. Why invest in Real Assets? Real Assets have low correlations to traditional stocks and bonds. Because commodities have low correlations to stocks and bonds, they can be a good choice to lower your overall portfolio risk while enhancing your potential for better long-term risk-adjusted returns. What are financial assets Financial assets include Cash, and those assets that can be converted to cash in a reasonably short period of time one year at most, but less time in many cases. We will study the following financial assets: Cash Cash Equivalents Short Term Investments Accounts Receivable Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash is just as the word suggests. It includes cash money including paper and coins, checks and money orders to be deposited, money deposited in bank accounts that can be accessed quickly. The term liquid refers to Cash, and the ease or difficulty of converting an asset into Cash.   Cash Equivalents are highly liquid short term investments that can be turned into Cash very quickly. These include US Treasury bills, money market accounts and high grade commercial paper. When corporations need to borrow money for a very short time, they often sell commercial paper. These come due within a few months at most, and pay a higher interest rate than other investments.   Short Term Investments Short Term Investments include stocks and bonds that the company intends to hold only for a short time, and then sell and convert back to Cash. We consider it a good practice to convert unneeded cash to an investment account, where it can earn interest, dividends or show capital gains. These are shown on the balance sheet at their current market value, even if that is higher than the price paid for the investments. This is one of the few times we increase a balance sheet item above its historic cost. Accounts Receivable Companies often sell to their customers on credit. The amount the customers owe is called Accounts Receivable (AR). We would record AR at the same time the sale is made, deducting any cash paid at the time of purchase, etc. When customers pay, we subtract the payment from their accounts receivable balance.   Most companies use an Accounts Receivable Subsidiary Ledger, which is similar to the General Ledger. The subsidiary ledger contains detailed information about each customers account purchases, payments, returns, adjustments, etc. Most companies send statements at the of each month, listing the monthly transactions and ending balance due from each customer.   Difference between Real Assets and Financial Assets: With the advancement of economy , the relative importance of financial assets tends to increase . Even though the real assets differ greatly from financial assets , two forma are complementary and not competitive. The difference between real assets and financial assets can be summarised as follows: Real Assets determine the wealth of a society or economy whereas financial assets do not represent societys wealth. Real Assets contribute directly to the productive capacity of the economy while the contribution of financial assets to the productive capacity is indirect because they facilitate the transfer of funds to enterprises with attractive investment opportunities. Real assets produce goods and services whereas financial assets define the allocation of income or wealth among investors. Real assets appear only on the asset side of the balance sheet , while financial assets appear on both sides of balance sheet. Investing in real assets carries more risks than investing in paper assets. Non- Marketable Securities: Some financial assets are said to be non-marketable because they are neither transferable nor negotiable . The investors actually own these assets and cannot buy and sell them in the secondary market. Types of non-marketable securities are as follows: Bank Deposits: The most popular non-marketable assets held by an investor include deposits with the banks and their saving schemes. There are various types of deposits with banks such as current accounts, saving accounts and fixed deposits . Deposits on current account do not earn any interest whereas bank deposits earn intereest.The interest rate on these deposits vary depending upon the maturity period. Since saving accounts are deposited at regular interval, they have a fixed rate of interest.However , fixed deposits are recurring deposits with varying maturity period.Hence, the rates also vary. Features: They are best known type of investments that offers a high degree of safety on both the principal and the return on that principal. Bank deposits are highly liquid and can be encashed anytime. Loans can be raised against bank deposits. Non-Negotiable Certificate Of Deposit: Commercial banks and other financial institution offer a variety of savings certificates known as certificate of deposits (CDs). These instruments are available for various maturities. As the maturity increases , the rate of interest offered also increases. However large deposits may command higher rates , holding maturity constant . The credit risk associated with large CDs depend directly on the credit worthiness of the financial institution that issue them. Since large CDs are not insured , a CD holder may lose principal if the financial institution fails. Money Market Deposit Account: Financial Institutions offer Money Market Deposit Accounts with no interest rate ceilings.The Money Market Deposit Accounts require a minimum deposit to open. They pay competitive money market rates of interest and are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) if the issued bank is insured. Withdrawals can be made , as many times as desired , in person or through automated teller machines (ATMs). There are no limitations on the number of deposits.

Animal Testing Should Be Outlawed Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive 20

According to Biology Online, animal experimentation is defined as the use of animals in experiments and development projects usually to determine toxicity, dosing and efficacy of test drugs before proceeding to human clinical trials. Animal experimentation has been going on since ancient Greece when Aristotle and Hippocrates first made their model of the human body based on what they had observed through animal dissection. Then, Romans used animals to do more psychological tests on animals like pigs, monkeys and dogs. After that, the Renaissance period took up physiological studies. Since then, the 20th century had a huge increase in animal testing until 1980 when activists started standing up against the labs. Activists have not been very successful at protecting the animals’ rights in some cases and the past decades have seen a noticeable increase in animal testing for many reasons (Baumans). Today, despite activist’s efforts, animal testing is still commonly used. Ne vertheless, animal testing is unethical and should be outlawed. People in favor of animal testing believe that animals are needed for any sort of medical advancement. They believe that without testing on live animals, our medical field would not be able to make improvements. Scientists assume that humans would be hindered enormously if they did not test drugs on animals before they were released to the human world. They also think that animals are tested to do various behavioral and genetic testing. People in favor of animal testing are under the impression that the animals are a great help towards psychologists in finding out more about the brain and how the human brain works. They think that without the animals, nobody would be able to fully understand how the ... ...ety. aavs.org, 2010. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. . Bantwal, Natasha. "Arguments Against Animal Testing." Buzzle.com: Intelligent Life on the Web. Buzzle.com, 2010. Web. 16 Nov 2010. against-animal-testing.html>. Baumans, V. "Use of animals in experimental research: an ethical dilemma?." Gene Therapy (2004): S64–S66. Web. 9 Nov 2010. . Goldman, Laura. "New System May Replace Lab Rats with Robots." Change.org. Change.org, 08 Aug 2010. Web. 16 Nov 2010. . "Research Alternatives." CHAI Online. CHAI Online: Concern for Helping Animals In Israel , 2010. Web. 16 Nov 2010. .

Globalization: Good vs Bad Essay

Globalization is happening all around us everyday whether it is wanted or not. Some may believe that globalization is a bad thing and should be controlled to some degree. Others say that it is a great thing that is happening in the world and that it should be seen as a move in the positive direction. What is globalization, What makes it so important, and why is it only recently being noticed? Globalization is a process of interaction and integration between governments, cultures, and companies. It is important because it has effects on the environment, on culture, on politics, and on economics to name a few. Currently speaking, globalization can be summed up as being a free-market, policy driven, open economy and reasonably open governments. People may think that globalization is new, but it is not. In fact globalization has been around for thousands of years, it just had not been noticed as easily as it is today. Technology. Technology is the main reason of why we are noticing globalization. Without technological developments in transportation and communication our world would be much more different. With the developments in transportation people can travel to places that people in the past have dreamt of. Since traveling had been made easier, faster, safer, and more efficient, trading with other countries became possible. The development of the means of communication linked one side of the planet to the other. With communication being a press of a button away news and information can be received within moments of an event happening. All of this is what made globalization more noticeable. Even with all the new communications opened and new opportunities available globalization still is a highly debated topic that seems to split into a pro and con argument. You have the people that say that globalization will help the whole world to deal with crises like unemployment/poverty, it will help to raise the global economy, gradually there will be a world power that is being created instead of separate governments, different cultures are being adopted by others, and we are becoming more accepting and tolerant of each other. Then you have the people that say that globalization is a leading cause of wars, social degeneration, and the outsourcing of countries that can’t keep up any longer with the fast growing demand for items. The people who would argue for globalization would say that it is creating a bunch of job opportunities for people all over the world and that it is also providing companies with the much needed man power. Another pro would be that globalization has made living and utilizing products from various parts of the world incredibly easy. Globalization also brings in the needed foreign exchange into the developing countries from the developed countries and that this helps in development of the nations. They would also argue that culturally, people are becoming more tolerant towards other people, that it is the first step towards accepting the differences of cultures that are present all over the globe and learning to live in relative peace with them. Another point would be that there is a greater exchange in knowledge and that it is educating the range of knowledge around the globe. Overall, if someone were to just hear the pro side of globalization they would be all for it. However, with every pro there is a con side. A person who would be against globalization would argue that one of the major cons of globalization is that it threatens the jobs of many developed countries. There are nations that are constantly losing their jobs as a lot of the work is now being outsourced to developing countries. A ton of effort is being put into setting up branches or companies in other countries. As a result there is a loss of resources from the country itself. Another one for the cons of globalization is that it can lead to the spread of infectious diseases. Apart from that, there are high chances of globalization leading to social degeneration as well because everyone is adapting to different cultures. Unfortunately the biggest threat is posed by the corporate world because a majority of the power lies in their hands. This may not always be a good thing and may not be the safest situation to be in. Eventually, some people think about the cons of globalization in a way that this process can turn into a form of colonization. Finally we get to the most agued con points, war. People against globalization will bring up that most wars could have been prevented if we weren’t so interconnected. Because the world is all connected by communication conflicts of different cultures and religions are more often and wars break out more frequently than before we were all globalized. The reality is, the question whether globalization is good or bad is not black and white. But it has lead to the process of connecting various economies and spreading technology, ideas, and culture has done more good than harm. Globalization has posed the more obvious economic, social and also political benefits worldwide. But it also comes with a small price compared to the big picture. On the economic side of things, globalization is responsible for all the various consumer products that are stacked on shelves in local supermarkets or large chain ones. It has economic benefits on both sides of the countries in trade. A multinational corporation from the U. S. makes a direct foreign investment by building branches in that country and setting factories for production. The corporation then gets cheap labor which creates a greater profit. Socially, there is the spread of technology, knowledge and culture. And politically (a trickier topic), globalization is responsible for spreading differing political ideals ranging from democracy to communism. And the major role of the media in assisting globalization, can expose corrupt governments to the public and therefore, pressure the removal of oppressive dictators. In honest opinion, globalization is not meant to â€Å"level the playing field† and remove poor nations out of poverty. Globalization is meant more to spread knowledge, technology, cultures, religion in a world that’s ever becoming much smaller to live in. The fact that it may create a larger gap between the poor and rich countries is an effect. This is a topic that can’t have one right side. It’s all part of globalization right? To have an open mind and be able to think about both sides of things. With globalization and were it’s heading all you can do is wait and see what happens. So far it’s kind of in a rocky place with the economy being so messed up, but if it gets re-situated then who is to say that globalization is a bad thing or a good thing? Like mentioned above. It isn’t black and white. It’s a gray topic that can go anywhere at this point.

My Life Story essays

My Life Story essays I had it all planned out. I would have completed my first degree by the age of 27, my Master's by the age of 35 at the latest. I am from a family of intellectual people. However, with my parent's separation, my life did not go exactly as planned. There were good times, as as well as sad, but I see my life as a living example for others to learn from. By the end of this paper, you would have learned about my accomplishments, failures, and goals for my future. I was born and raised in Kingston, Jamaica. My hometown of Jamaica is one of many islands in the Caribbean Sea; which is located 90 miles south of Cuba. Jamaica has made a name for itself as being one of the major tourist getaways, worldwide. The culture of Jamaica is wide and varying but of our main focus is family. The Jamaican family is a close knit web of aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandparents. My family is the most important group to which I belong. (Witt, G. A., Family gatherings became something to look forward to as a child. Those normally took place at Easter and Christmas. I remember the preparations that went into planning a successful dinner. My mother, my aunts, and my uncles would each cook a dish and take it to the home that was selected for the gathering. My cousins and I would enjoy the meals prepared as we all took part of the festivities. The dishes prepared included Jerked Chicken, Curry Goat, Jerked Pork, and many other festive dishes. Everything we cooked was hot and spicy because that is part of our culture. These gatherings reminded us of the meaning of family. The love and support showed at all times. I grew up adapting these traditions and family gatherings became my number one tradition. My friends were just as close to me as family. A number of them, would become lifelong friends. There was those friendships made at school and those made in the neighborhood. My friends ...

French Exercise - Si Clause Threads, Second Conditional

French Exercise - Si Clause Threads, Second Conditional This practice exercise can be done as a class or in small groups. It requires familiarity with the second conditional (si clauses), including imperfect and conditional conjugations. What to Do Print out a table for each group (see below).Write the first part of a conditional sentence beginning with si (see suggestions below) in the first table cell. Since this is the second conditional, the si clause needs to be in the imperfect. Invent a result clause, using the conditional, for the second cell.For example: Next, transform the result clause into a si clause and write it in the first column of the second row. (Remember that the verb which was in the conditional now needs to be in the imperfect.) Then invent a corresponding result clause to continue the thread. If clause Result clause Si je gagnais au loto, jachterais une nouvelle voiture. Si je gagnais au loto, jachterais une nouvelle voiture. Si jachetais une nouvelle voiture, je la mnerais lcole. Transform the second result clause into a si clause, and so on, until you have completed the thread. Si je gagnais au loto, jachterais une nouvelle voiture. Si jachetais une nouvelle voiture, je la mnerais lcole. Si je la menais lcole, les autres tudiants madmireraient. Si les autres tudiants madmiraient, ils minviteraient djeuner. To make sure students understand the exercise, start by demonstrating on the board: write a si clause and call on students as you go through the entire thread collectively. Then divide the class into groups of 2 to 4 students and provide each group with an if clause, or have them come up with their own. After each group has completed their thread, either have students read them out loud, or - if there are likely to be a lot of mistakes, as in the case of weaker students - collect the papers and read the threads out loud yourself, either correcting them as you read, or writing the sentences on the board and going over them together. Variations To challenge students creativity, have each group start with the same si clause, and then compare how each one turned out at the end.Assign a different si clause to each group, and after they have each completed one row of the table, have them trade with another group. Each group will then complete the clause in the other groups tables, and then exchange once again with a third group.You can also use this exercise to practice the first conditional and the third conditional. Starter Clauses You and your students can of course invent your own if clauses,* but here are some ideas to get started: Si jallais la luneSi javais un souhaitSi je navais quune semaine vivreSi jà ©tais le prà ©sidentSi jà ©tais richeSi jà ©tais toiSi je faisais mes devoirs tous les joursSi je me cassais la jambeSi je me mariaisSi je pouvais faire la connaissance de nimporte qui dans le mondeSi je pouvais remonter dans le tempsSi je pouvais visiter nimporte quel paysSi je trouvais un portefeuille dans la rueSi je voyais un OVNI (objet volant non identifià ©)Sil y avait des formes de vie intelligente sur dautres planà ¨tesSi les chiens pouvaient parlerSi mon meilleur ami me mentaitSi notre professeur à ©tait en retardSi nous à ©tudiions ensembleSi nous savions le secret du bonheur *If you come up with a great starter clause, please share your ideas. Tables This exercise needs tables with two columns and four rows. Printable pages of tables are available in  Microsoft Word format; you can save and edit this if, for example, you want to type the starter if clause into the first cell of each table. Print enough copies so that you can cut them up and provide at least one table for each group of students. Si Clauses LessonFirst conditional practiceThird conditional practice

Evaluation of corrosion rate AK80 and ZK60 Mg alloys Essay

Evaluation of corrosion rate AK80 and ZK60 Mg alloys - Essay Example (R.K. Sinnott, 2005) (2) Galvanic Corrosion- When two dissimilar metals are in contact in an atmosphere conducive to corrosion, then by its position in the electrochemical series one forms the anode and the other forms the cathode. The anode thus formed readily corrodes. This principle is used to protect the outside hull of ships by using sacrificial zinc anodes. By its position in the electrochemical series zinc forms the anode and undergoes material erosion thereby protecting the steel hull. (Oliver M. Siebert, B.et al; 1997) (3) Pitting- This is a highly localized form of corrosion. Usually materials are given a good surface finish to prevent its occurrence. The rate of corrosion in such cases is difficult to predict because once the corroding point breaks through the surface finish the material degradation progresses in a rapid manner. This proceeds by forming a pit and in an oxygenated atmosphere its activity is increased. Slag inclusion and entrapment of air during welding and formation of bubbles in pipes and valves during liquid flow all lead to pitting corrosion. (4) Inter-granular Corrosion-This is a form of corrosion which happens in alloying materials. Since alloys are a mix of different metals, the impurities tend to accumulate at the grain boundaries during heat treatment. This leads to propagation of corrosion although the amount of material corroded is small. (Oliver M. Siebert, B.et al; 1997) (5) Stress induced corrosion- This form of corrosion proceeds when materials are subjected to highly stressed environments. After a welding process, there will always be residual stresses that need to be relieved by post weld heat treatment. Failure to do so will lead to these stresses creating cracks and fissures in the welds. Materials that are subjected to repeated cyclic loads may fail due to fatigue stresses that are generated with time. Under such conditions the

Political, Social and Economic Reasons for the Decline of the Western Essay

Political, Social and Economic Reasons for the Decline of the Western Roman Empire - Essay Example This essay presents a thorough analysis of possible political, social and economic factors, that could be considered as reasons to the decline of Western Roman Empire to different extent The political reasons surround the Barbarians, wars with Germanic tribes, growing power of Attila the Hun and the Hunnic Empire, and eventually the fall of the Western Roman Empire. In 15 AD the army of Garmanicus Caesar marched to Teutobergensis Saltus, The massacre had been performed by the joint coalition of German warriors. The Germanic groups spread all the way from Rhine in the west to River Vistula in the east and from Danube in the north to the Baltic seas in the south In AD 450, Attila threatened the empire and started preparing for an attack on Gaul and later invaded it. An alliance was made between the Romans and the Goths and in the Battle of Chalons, Attila is forced to retreat. In AD 452 Attila finally invaded Italy, where he laid the foundations of the republic of Venice. With the victory of Attila in Italy, the power of the Western Roman Empire weakened. The long tension over the Rhine-Danube frontier contributed a significant amount to its failure. The social reasons for the decline of the Western Roman Empire are often given as declining population, diseases, succession of emperors. Diseases had been a major problem for all empires and the Roman Empire surely suffered as diseases and plagues started spreading . Another reason is that of the people in empire being poisoned by the water that was carried through lead pipes. The succession of emperors has indeed played the most important part in the decline. The first Roman emperor had established that the emperor will designate the next emperor and based on approval by the senate, the emperor will take the thrown. This rule was followed for only the first few emperors and